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URBANIZATION
History of cities – Heritage
“Country formerly urbanized Tunisia whose urbanization rate was 28% in 1925, has now reached 64.8%, according to the 2004 census. With a population of just under 10 million people in 2004, and a capital of 2.250.000 inhabitants, Tunisia has experienced over the last forty years many changes. Beyond the quantitative aspects, major changes have characterized the evolution of urbanization. These changes, although barely perceptible at the urban, have arisen in the spatial organization of cities, and the level of their socio-economic content and social practices of their inhabitants. ”
Tunisian cities concentrate the poorest part of the population in the periphery. Large housing policies have not really kept account of the growing problem faced by this part of the population. The expansion of cities, in particular caused by the exodus of the poor periphery, reflects the problems faced by the Tunisian government.
“Since independence in 1956, the population of the city of Tunis has been multiplied by five and six in its territory. Housing policy of the middle classes initiated since the mid-1970s ignored the poorest who are relegated to informal settlements on the periphery. ”
Urban Housing
The planner Morched Chabbi sees three major characteristic of urban habitat Tunisian system:
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The primacy of the capital;
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Concentration of coastal cities;
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The predominance of small and medium-sized cities.
– The primacy of the capital
After a sharp increase in population between 1900 and 2004 resulting in urban sprawl (120,000 inhabitants in 1900, Greater 2,250,000 inhabitants in 2004), Tunis begins to have a population that tends to stabilize. This “moderate growth” is mainly due to the government policy of declining birth which was implemented early 1965 to the end of regulating population growth being experienced in Tunisia. Another important factor is the decline in net rural-urban migration
“In addition to the sharp drop in the birth rate, moderation of urban growth is also attributable to the decline of the rural exodus due in particular to a better distribution of educational facilities and employment at the regional level, as well as a stabilization of population, due to the wide dissemination of policy ownership tenure, initiated in 1975. Despite its moderate growth, Tunis remains nonetheless a primate city as it boasts 22.7% of the country’s population and is a little less than 5 times the population of Sfax, the second city of Tunisia, with only than 460,000 inhabitants. Character Primate of Tunis is historically linked to its role as a hub of trade and investment concentration, responsible for the polarization of the national space and attractiveness of migration flows in the capital. This primacy of capital also reflects the concentration of decision-making authority and centralization of Tunisian political and administrative system.”
– Concentration Tunisian coastal cities
“In 1994, 68% of the Tunisian population living in the coastal regions of the country. Among the 262 Tunisian municipalities, 140 are located in coastal areas and 122 in the inland areas. 75% of the total municipal population live in coastal areas, concentration area municipalities large and medium size.”
“Of the 262 municipalities, 84 are medium and large common and account for 78% of the municipality. Smaller municipalities, with a population of less than 20,000 inhabitants are among 178 home and 22% of the communal population.”
– The predominance of medium-sized towns
“The Tunisian municipalities ranging in size from 20,000 to less than 100,000 are number 74 and account for 46% of the municipality. Although small municipalities (<20,000 inhabitants) are the number of 178, they account for only 22% of the population and communal represent the vast majority of rural communities. These quantitative characteristics show, like other urban systems in developing countries, the predominance of the capital city and the concentration of coastal cities and towns.”
Rural Housing
HABITAT : LEGAL ASPECTS
Right to Housing
Art.13: “Natural resources are the property of the Tunisian people. The state exercises sovereignty over these resources on behalf of the people. Operating contracts for these resources are subject to the Commission specialized in the Assembly of People’s Representatives. The agreements about these resources are subject to the Assembly for approval. ”
Art.24: “The State protects privacy, inviolability of domicile, confidentiality of correspondence, communications and personal data. Every citizen has the right to choose their place of residence and to move freely within the country and the right to leave him. ”
Art.41: “The right to property is guaranteed and can not be worn with his person except with the guarantees provided by law.”
Forced Eviction
Land Rights
In Tunisia, there are two titles:
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BLUE TITLE = old name for LAND TITLE. This is a title that is preserved and whose entries are managed by the government of the Conservation Land Ownership. Article 305 of the Code of Rights indicates that the real owner of a land title can not be opposed by any other possession. To obtain a land title, must file an application with the Tribunal requisition territorial jurisdiction.
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ARAB TITLE = deed drawn up in a single copy. The holder of an Arabic title to lose his right to property through possession if he can prove that he was using his property for 15 consecutive years without objection.
According to the article in Revue Etudes Foncières (2)
During the ’70s, the Tunisian city centers are depopulated in favor of the peripheries. It is in this context that in 1973, the Tunisian government will create AGENCY LAND OF HABITAT‘s mission is to “promote access to housing for all segments of the population and particularly to households low and middle incomes.” The agency knows little difficulty acquisition until the 1990s, when the right of expropriation will be difficult to implement in light of past abuses. Thus planning public through AFH increased land in production, 33% in 1980 to 14% in 2004.
The land will be developed and piecemeal, without the right soil is always respected. Urban planning is limited to areas already built. Private developers have difficulty obtaining a land area of extension, the public sector itself useful for exceptional procedures (Perimeters Intervention Land – PIF).
It is therefore in Tunisia, three modes of productions from the 70s: the public sector – the sector private legal – illegal chain. This last sector is characterized by the fragmentation of land without servicing by their owners who sell their agricultural plots to smaller populations.
According to the authors, the Revolution should open outlook to the extent it challenges the established model and legitimacy of public power in terms of land development.
Land Grabbing
Vulnerable Groups
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Joungpeople
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Old people
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Women
Some interesting Practices
HABITAT : SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Housing Market
– CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
Each year, 60,000 new housing is built in Tunisia, including 40,000 in self-construction and 20,000 by developers. Of these 20,000 homes, a quarter is for lower income population. Source: http://Tunispages.com
– HABITAT SPONTANEOUS SUBURBAN
In the 70s, alongside new public policies implemented to increase housing, will develop spontaneous suburban habitat (Chabbi 2005). Originally developed on public land – this is no longer true today for the most part – these structures grow illegally, without building rights. Importantly, these developments do not receive a posteriori basic infrastructure through a dedicated government agency, the Agency for Rehabilitation and Urban Renewal (ARRU) and dealer networks. This type of development accounted for 30% of the urban area of Greater Tunis (and about 20 and 30% of the housing stock in the country at present) in the early 20004. If its development seems slow, it continues to supply a significant urban sprawl, as evidenced by the case of the capital. (2)
Quality of Housing
Informal Housing / Slum / Homeless
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HOMELESS
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SQUATTERS
Some Tunisian families, due to housing problems began **squatter** housing belonging to the National Building Society in Tunisia. The latter initiates actions to recover these units. Source: Info Turess Website.
HABITAT : ROLE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
During the ’70s, the Tunisian city centers are depopulated in favor of the peripheries. It is in this context that in 1973, the Tunisian government will create
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NATIONAL SOCIETY OF REAL ESTATE TUNISIA
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THE PRODUCTION COMPANY SOCIAL HOUSING
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THE FUND NATIONAL HOUSING SAVINGS
This policy has enabled the production of housing for people creditworthy, that is to say the middle class. (2)
Social housing
After tourism and finance, central bankers from the Gulf focus on Tunisian real estate. A large housing construction program “social” is underway. In 2012, it is estimated that the social housing stock is 2.8 million housing, which is still insufficient given the needs of the population. Source: Frida Dahmani, Jeune Afrique, 2012.
HABITAT : ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Despite a high potential, particularly in terms of solar water heater, Tunisia is struggling to reduce its footprint in the housing. Control of environmental technologies and the low cost of fossil fuels (Given the current price of conventional energy for the user in Tunisia, the solar water heater is not actually competitive with LPG water heater , natural gas and even electric water heater.), pose problems and slow the progression of renewable energy.
To revitalize the dynamics, the Tunisian government launched in 1995 a program for the dissemination of 50.000m ² of covered area. This policy has been possible thanks to the Global Environment Fund.
The program, called PROSOL (Programme for Promotion of Solar Thermal Energy Plant) was very supported by the Tunisian government. Reduction targets for GHG nothing at the level of the habitat, will significantly reduce the impact of these emissions on the environment. The economic impact would be significant. The jobs in the cities that have chosen this method of heating should be affected: “On the social level, the jobs that will be created in the program for 2009 can be estimated at more than 2000. The social value of these jobs is even more important that they are essentially local jobs, created in the regions by the activity of installation and after-sales services. ”(3)
Bibliography & Sitography
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Morched Chabbi – President of the Tunisian Association of Planners – L’urbanisation en Tunisie, transformations et tendances d’évolution
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Article “Faire de la Révolution une opportunité – Production foncière en Tunisie”, Sara Boughedir et Yann Gérard de l’ADEF in Etudes Foncières
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Rafik MISSAOUI – PROSOL program
- Soha Ben Slama, IAI coordinator for Tunisia, “La Tunisie vers la deuxième République” – http://fre.habitants.org/la_voie_urbaine/assemblee_mondiale_des_habitants_2015/la_tunisie_vers_la_deuxieme_republique
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Major Problems
Claims and Proposals
Following the First Assembly of the Right to Decent Housing (Tunis, 2013), participants from civil society have made the following recommendations:
- The entrenchment of the right to decent, dignified housing, and of its justiciability in accordance with legal obligations has taken the Tunisian government with the ratification of international conventions including the ICESCR.
- The State guarantee without reservation the right of access to information, especially the economic and social, to all resident and actor-es-ice-s relevant civil society.
The creation of regional and local observatories should use this information, amongst other things, for:
o identify and diagnose: precarious and marginalized neighborhoods in the urban and rural sector; the actual number of homeless and evicted and their living conditions; left vacant private and public housing for a long time and speculation and real estate fraud.
o alert for violations of the right to decent housing, including evictions, to show solidarity, prosecute those responsible and to indicate appropriate and consistent with the ICESCR solutions. - The approval and implementation of legislation to guarantee the social function of property and make prices affordable (rental, purchase) through public and citizen control of the property market, thus ending the injustice live poorly housed, insecure or homeless alor sk vacant units exist.
- The decentralization of power to local and regional level to promote governance and the participation of all actor-ice-s concerned, including capita-es, organizations of civil society and experts.
- The approval and implementation of a law that boosts the revival of a true public service of social housing, both subsidized by the state and managed by local communities and / or in partnership with a system are co-inhabitant, from the social and solidarity economy which are idéatrices, owners and managers of affordable housing guaranteeing security of tenure for rental and equal opportunities for all.
- The approval and implementation of a law that secures the use of housing and land, promoting participatory rehabilitation of medinas and popular run-down areas, respecting human and environmental rights, preventing deportation, and any speculation.
- The implementation of criminal laws that criminalize fraud and pursue and severely punish those who commit them.
- The audit on the debt due to agreements entered into after January 14 2011, including those that are incompatible with the principle of social justice, weighing down the body of the state and therefore depleting taxpayers forced to pay.
- That the state identifies the necessary resources to meet the housing deficit, prioritizing, in the Finance Act and the awarding funding to local regions for policy housing subsidy based on respect for human rights, including through the cancellation of the external debt (see example of Kenya-Italy).
- Mobilize actor-ice-s concerned, including capita-es and local authorities, to make living in emergency buildings and vacant dwellings for a long time, using the legal framework and its flaws.
- The approval and implementation of adequate laws that commit the state to open accommodation centers and integration to accommodate children, women and men homeless, the elderly and people with special needs, that the development and redevelopment of public buildings such as university campuses and retirement homes, in compliance with all legal specifications set by international treaties.
- The approval and implementation of a law that commits the state to provide all students and student throughout the years of university, a housing grant or decent housing combines modernity, functionality and accessibility rents, optimal conditions in order to promote their academic success.
- Strengthen and develop the Maghreb and international platform that was established March 29, 2013 after the World Assembly of Inhabitants (WSF Tunis 2013), creating the Maghreb promoter group Alliance of Inhabitants between the International Alliance of Inhabitants and social organizations from Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. This platform has the aim to promote exchange of experiences and strategies to build a united forces with the struggles for the right to dignified and decent housing for every inhabitant-es, including migrants and political impact globally Local, notably in the Arab Maghreb region and Mediterranean Basin.
Some Actors
- POUR LE DROIT AU LOGEMENT DECENT EN TUNISIE – Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/PourLeDroitAuLogementDecentEnTunisie/info/